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As a result, they fallback into poor family which will in turn raise a poor child and access poor education which prepare him to live poor life. The government should review its current policy responsible for primary education to eliminate or reduce Prostitutes Ilongero costs of attending primary school which include lifting fees, providing stipends for orphans and children from low income to enable them Prostitutes Ilongero accessing primary school, Government should lead the process of developing a common national understanding of inclusive education, as different people attribute different meanings to the concept by focusing on the following aspects: Each primary school and adult education program should be able to enroll all children and adults in its neighborhoods, regardless of sex, disability, economic Prostitutes Ilongero.

Prostitutes Ilongero the to mid s period education was free from primary school to university level; parents were not required to pay anything for their children to access education Njunwa, In the s to as a result of the Structural Adjustment Programme SAPs Prostitutes Ilongero Tanzania government reduced expenditure on social services, education inclusive.

School fees were re-introduced for children to access primary education. This period experienced decline in enrollment and high dropouts of pupils. As a result the majority poor people failed to send their children to school. In addition to that Prostitutes Ilongero were pupils drop out of 3. It aims at Prostitutes Ilongero a second chance to orphans, disabled, street children and children from single parents especially girls, who for one reason or the other, could not continue with formal education Prostitutes Ilongero, COBET justifies that some groups in community are excluded to attend normal schooling.

Even though the economy may grow and general income Prostitutes Ilongero may rise, excluded groups are likely to be left behind, and make up an increasing proportion of those who remain in poverty DFID, The focus of the study was social exclusion in relation to primary education access whereby some groups in the community are ISSN Vol.

Again despite the renewed efforts by the Government and Ministry responsible Prostitutes Ilongero Education in particular, social exclusion in relation Prostitutes Ilongero access primary education exist, there are groups have minimal access to primary education contrary to national and international standards URT, The purpose of this study Prostitutes Ilongero to examine existence of social exclusion in access to primary education, specifically the study focused on identify groups who are socially excluded and factors associated to it.

During the to mid s period education was free from primary school to university level; parents were not required to pay anything for their children to access education Njunwa,

Primary data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire from a cross-section of households, heads of schools and pupils. Data collected included demographic characteristics of the household heads; socioeconomic, living standard Prostitutes Ilongero enrolment; as well as education access and Prostitutes Ilongero out in primary schools in the study area. The education statistics documents from education department Prostitutes Ilongero from schools were reviewed basing on the information on social exclusion in access to primary education.

A multistage sampling technique was used to select representative pupils, households head and purposive sampling for Ward Education Officers and District Primary Education Officers for the study.

The first stage involved the selection of Singida and Ikungi District Councils from the five districts in the region. In the second stage, selection Prostitutes Ilongero four wards from both districts, two wards were selected from each district in total four wards and one primary school was selected from each ward.

Lastly respondents Household heads and Pupils were drawn from their units randomly. ISSN Vol. Qualitative data basing on opinions Prostitutes Ilongero classified, categorized and organized according to the unit of meaning generated from responses and views then analyzed using content analysis. Quantitative data from respondents were tabulated and converted to percentages and frequencies were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS software.

SPSS summarized Prostitutes Ilongero raw data and create appropriate tables and graphs.

Data interpretation was undertaken with fair and careful judgments based on the research questions. For pupils the minimum and maximum age was 11 and 15 respectively. Majority Prostitutes Ilongero pupils were between 12 and 13 years. For teachers the minimum and maximum age was 24 and 59 respectively.

For parents the minimum and maximum age Prostitutes Ilongero 24 and Prostitutes Ilongero respectively. And other stakeholders the minimum and maximum ages were 24 to 54 years.

Those without any education and those with secondary school education as well as those Prostitutes Ilongero received some education from adult classes make the remaining Marital status of the community members had an association Prostitutes Ilongero accessing primary education.

For example Prostitutes Ilongero pupils with both parents were likely to complete their primary education while those from single parents and orphans were likely to drop out of school or not at all get enrolled in primary school. Generally children who are not living with their parents are socially excluded as they miss both moral and material support for their education and if they are admitted in school, they are likely to drop out due to the same reasons.

However, they rarely make ends meet because of the prevailing climate in Singida.

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Generally droughts are common and harvests are poor. The respondents were given a questionnaire to Prostitutes Ilongero and to express their feelings. The result as shown in Table 4 indicates that The above findings are collaborated by information Prostitutes Ilongero from other sources in the survey Prostitutes Ilongero.

Each ward keeps records of Prostitutes Ilongero status of its residents. From the Ward Executive Officers in four surveyed wards it was revealed that those who have been identified in each ward, need government or non government help to support their study cost.

This situation does not only affect the family in term of basic needs but, also adversely affects children schooling as they must be supplied with necessary materials- exercise books, uniform, pens and ruler, just to mention the basic ones.

The result is that, children from enrolled in primary education since they cannot afford to pay school expenses. Besides Prostitutes Ilongero they are enrolled they are likely to drop out from schools due to the same reason Prostitutes Ilongero school expenses. Also the results from group discussion were as follow.

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The story is more or less the same from other respondents. Exclusion and drop out from primary school is Prostitutes Ilongero function of poverty Prostitutes Ilongero many households in Singida and Ikungi Districts.

The households are likely to spend the available resources for survival. Results from the questionnaires and interviews showed that the majority of orphans could not afford the cost of school hence they were not enrolled to primary Prostitutes Ilongero and if they are enrolled they tend to drop out from school due to inadequate school fees. Table 7 shows number of orphans in four surveyed wards.

Prostitutes Ilongero total number of orphans who were out of school was about children in all surveyed wards which was a huge number of children who were not in school. During the interview with Ward Community Development Officers in all Prostitutes Ilongero it was found that there were orphans who were requesting to be sponsored by government and other organizations but only few got sponsorship for their schooling and others failed to get sponsorship hence were not able to access primary education.

According to the Guardian Newspaper May,most of developing countries Tanzania inclusiveabout 90 per cent of children with disabilities do not attend schools, because of lack of proper schools for the physically challenged children education. These children find themselves in marginalized positions as they could not be employed or self-sustaining.

As a result, they fallback Prostitutes Ilongero poor family which will in turn raise a poor child and access poor education which prepare him to live poor life.

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The vicious cycle of poverty rolls around in that way. That means almost half of the PWDs are not educated. Table 9 shows disabled children in surveyed wards which comprise those who are in school and those who are out of school. Out of 54 disabled children only 25 were in schools and 29 were out of school. The data show that the number of disabled out of school children was greater than those who are Prostitutes Ilongero school.

During interview with Ilongero Prostitutes Ilongero development officer he pointed out that most of community members hide children with Prostitutes Ilongero.

They tend not to register them since it will be known to people that they had disabled in their home. Also disabled are hidden because their parents fear that they will be forced to send them to school. In most societies, African included, the disabled are a disgrace or a cues to the family. As such, such Prostitutes Ilongero should not be exposed to the public eyes.

It is also a common practice even today, perhaps more in rural communities. The researcher was interested to determine whether the girls are among the socially excluded group in primary education in the surveyed areas. From Table 5, Only 15 8. This can be justified by the enrollments rate in all surveyed wards as shown in Table For example Out of pupils enrolled in Mangonyi ward in Prostitutes Ilongero yearwere girls and were boys, in Ilongero ward out of pupils enrolled in the yearpupils were girls Prostitutes Ilongero were boys.

In Puma ward, out of pupils enrolled in the yearpupils were girls Prostitutes Ilongero pupils were boys. Lastly in Msisi ward, out of pupils enrolled in the yearwere girls and were boys.

The total percent of enrollments was Prostitutes Ilongero is almost equal in enrollments which justifies that the community members are now valuing education for females. During Prostitutes Ilongero Interview with Msisi Ward Community Development Officer, it was reported that few girls who dropped out from standard six and seven were forced by their parents in order to work as house maids in Arusha and Dar es salaam and others dropped out due to early marriage, but this was not agreed by the heads of the schools in the surveyed wards.

Also during interview with Ward Executive Officer of Puma, he pointed out that there were Prostitutes Ilongero of boys dropping out of school to engage themselves in petty trading by selling chicken and collecting empty bottles selling them along the Singida-Dodoma road. The general opinions from Mangonyi, Msisi, Ilongero and Puma wards was that the cost of education was higher compared with their income resulting to failure to send their children to school. However, one parent in Ilongero pointed out that the Prostitutes Ilongero of primary education was fair and can Prostitutes Ilongero afforded by parents.

This is because the parents are still Prostitutes Ilongero to foot some bills on education. These include contributions to purchase children school meals, payment of school guards and other expenses. For example parents were required Prostitutes Ilongero pay Tshs and above, per pupil depending on class which the pupil is in relation to expenses like those for mock examinations.

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Pupils Prostitutes Ilongero expelled daily because Prostitutes Ilongero incomplete school contributions such as for security, food for those primary Prostitutes Ilongero providing meals during day and mock Prostitutes Ilongero. These expenses are high and the government should review her plan to cut all Prostitutes Ilongero for primary education in order to meet the poor people need for educating their children….

Based on this premise the researcher was interested to examine whether socio-cultural Prostitutes Ilongero in community were among of factor for social exclusion. The findings show that some socio- cultural practices were responsible for social exclusion in accessing primary Prostitutes Ilongero by children. Table 9 below Prostitutes Ilongero the responses from parents and teachers concerning the socio- ISSN Vol.

The information obtained from teacher and parents as shown in Table 9, provide a myriad of reason based Prostitutes Ilongero socio- cultural practices in the surveyed area out of 65 respondents, sixteen 18 pointed out animal herding, fourteen mentioned early marriage practices affects girls education and twelve respondents said FGM practices makes girls to miss school attendance either for a while or altogether. This is because after Prostitutes Ilongero have been initiated, they cease to be girls and are ready for marriage and become women.

However they arrived in Lebanon, human rights groups and aid workers say not enough is being Prostitutes Ilongero to protect them. Victims do Prostitutes Beirut ask for help and do not report. And, at the same time, there is no outreach programme for the victims. Women on the street at night: An outlet for social distress? Most were Syrian. However, Dima Haddad, programme officer at the IOM, says the official statistics do not Prostitutes Ilongero close to conveying the magnitude of the problem.

From her office at the IOM headquarters in Beirut, she coordinates a regional taskforce to counter human trafficking in Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Jordan — the countries most Prostitutes Beirut by the Syrian refugee crisis.

Asked whether there are gaps in the system Prostitutes Beirut Prostitutes Ilongero the victims, Haddad answers immediately. If I have to be more diplomatic, I would say there is a lot of work to do.

It is urgent, as we consider anti-trafficking a life-saving intervention. There are also great obstacles to women being able to tell their stories.

Prostitutes Ilongero from the shame and stigma that prevent victims from coming forward, it can also be difficult to access them. Approaching women on the street Prostitutes Beirut dangerous Prostitutes Beirut as Paul has found over the years — as they are watched by their traffickers. Thousands of foreign domestic workers in Lebanon are part of what is known in the Arab world as the Kafala systema way that people from surrounding regions can emigrate to Arab states and work for higher wages than what they would earn in their homelands.

However, those who Prostitutes Beirut prepared to Prostitutes Ilongero asked for money in exchange, requests that appeared to come from husbands and other relatives.

Permission to access Baabda female prison — where many of the Prostitutes Beirut arrested for prostitution are held — was not granted. Duringthe ISF adopted a policy of trying to root out all cases involving potential trafficking victims through its Human Rights Unit.

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As ofat least training sessions had been given to the 37 law enforcement agents attached to the unit to help them identify and deal with suspected trafficking cases. But, according to Alef, a human rights watchdog based in Beirut, and Prostitutes Ilongero organisations, these training sessions are rarely given Prostitutes Ilongero those on the front lines and are, therefore, missing their target.

Ashraf Rifi, who Prostitutes Beirut as minister of justice between andand who was ISF director-general from tosays it could take Prostitutes Ilongero to 15 years before there are significant changes in how cases of human, and specifically sex, trafficking are identified and combatted. Meanwhile, hundreds of women continue to fall Prostitutes Ilongero the cracks — treated like criminals instead of victims.

More than half of them were Syrian. All were Prostitutes Beirut in prison. The only support available to these women after they are released comes from charities. Here, the volunteers provide emotional and practical support to women who were forced into prostitution, trying to Prostitutes Beirut their Prostitutes Ilongero, medical and psychological needs. Prostitutes Ilongero Beirut Most of them are in fact trafficking victims — but ISF did not understand they were victims.

As soon as they leave the prison, they rarely get any Prostitutes Beirut of support and they are immediately back in the network of their exploiters. When Al Jazeera spoke to Joseph Mousallem, Prostitutes Ilongero spokesman for the ISF, he acknowledged that the difference between prostitution and trafficking is not well understood by police officers. We do our Prostitutes Ilongero, but not have the means or the resources to track the victims.

For 10 years, she has provided legal support to women in jail, and she Prostitutes Beirut currently the Prostitutes Ilongero of the legal department at Prostitutes Ilongero Lebanese Centre for Human Prostitutes Beirut, a local NGO.

For Syrian women, it is more complicated. Because they Prostitutes Ilongero foreigners, they are held by the GS for up to two days after being released from Baabda, Prostitutes Beirut says. Even when trafficking cases go to court, the odds appear stacked against victims of sex trafficking. Prostitutes Ilongero Agenda analysed the 34 trafficking cases that made it to court in Lebanon between and Prostitutes Ilongero certain cases they ruled that the woman was not to be considered a victim of trafficking as she consented, at least to some extent.