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Anka Rochman, born in Warsaw, Poland, discusses pre-war antisemitism; getting married in ; the beginning of war in ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; food shortages in the ghetto; her husband and a friend building two attached bunkers; hiding with 21 others during round-ups; hiding with her husband, his brother and sister, and others during the ghetto uprising; working in a battery factory in the Warsaw ghetto; a visit by Mordechai Anilevitch; the structure of bunkers and food storage in the Warsaw ghetto in January ; some leaving after the larger bunker was destroyed; using drains to obtain food from Poles; her husband negotiating with Poles who killed him; staying with her brother-in-law and sister-in-law in the drains for three more days; exiting to the house of a Pole who helped them; and the Polish uprising; and how she hid in the bunker for nine months and only she and her sister-in-law survived the war. Goral, and all those present.

Nechama Hochbaum, born in Stottz, Poland, discusses moving to Lachowicze, Poland Liakhavichy, Belarus in ; attending a Jewish high school in Baranovic until ; life under the Russian regime; the Germans entering the town at the start of the war and the positive reaction from Poles; working under the S. Juray Sveti Juraj ; joining the partisans; life under communist rule; and his immigration to Israel. Yehoyakim Kochavi, born in, in Berlin, Germany, describes growing up in a non-traditional Jewish family, attending Jewish schools, and encountering antisemitism; being involved in Zionist activities as a young person; leaving for Palestine in to escape the Nazis; returning to Germany in ; learning that his mother had committed suicide and his father had died during the war; living in Israel and not bringing up the past with his children.

Yehuda Arie Leo Koretz, born in Hamburg, Germany in Julydescribes his parents; the fates of family members; how Prostitutes Ciechanow his father was appointed chief rabbi in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece; the implementation of the Nuremberg laws in Salonika in early ; the natural ghetto in Salonika; his family being taken to Baron de Hirsch camp, where they stayed until August 2, ; being deported to Bergen-Belsen; camp life of Belsen; life in the camp including his jobs, medical care, and the conditions; being evacuated towards the end of the war and his liberation by Prostitutes Ciechanow soldiers; returning to Salonika and immigration to Palestine; his post-war profession and family; and the rehabilitation of his father's reputation.

Edit Dita Kraus, born in Prague, Czechoslovakia Czech Republic on July 12,describes her assimilated Jewish family; going into the Terezin Theresienstadt ghetto in ; participating in cultural activities in the ghetto, including operas, drawing and painting, and taking art Prostitutes Ciechanow from Friedl Brandeis; the death of many of her older relatives in the ghetto; being sent Prostitutes Ciechanow Auschwitz in Decemberwhere she Prostitutes Ciechanow about committing suicide; being moved to a work camp in Hamburg, Germany, where she removed debris of collapsed buildings and worked in distilleries along the Elba River; being sent to another forced labor camp, Neugraben, then Prostitutes Ciechanow Tiefstock, and then to Bergen Belsen; her return to Prague; and her immigration to Israel.

Abraham Larva, born inin Siauliai, Lithuania, describes his pre-war life, including joining a Maccabi youth group and attempting to immigrate to Israel; the German entry into Siauliai; being taken to work at a mass burial of Soviet POWs; escaping and working for a peasant, digging ditches at an airport and working in a leather factory until ; being sent to work at a camp outside of the ghetto; Prostitutes Ciechanow to the ghetto, where he worked in a tannery; life in Prostitutes Ciechanow ghetto, including schools, songs, weddings, court, hospital, births, and abortions; escaping from the ghetto to the forest with a group of six; Prostitutes Ciechanow in Prostitutes Ciechanow forest and meeting with Lithuanian communists who gave them food and weapons; being liberated and joining the Russian Army; returning to a burned-out Siauliai; going to the Landsberg displaced persons camp; receiving Prostitutes Ciechanow visa from his aunt to go to the United States; and his family and life in Israel.

Juergen Levenstein, born in Berlin, Germanydescribes joining a Hachshara Zionist group to prepare to immigrate to Israel; antisemitism in Berlin after ; Prostitutes Ciechanow closing of the Hachsara group; working in a farm work group in Schnibichen then Grutens; his deportation to Birkeanu; going to Buna to work in the rubber factory; going to Zgoda to work in the cannon factory; being ill in Auschwitz; transferring to Monowitz to work in a factory; being transported to Mauthausen to avoid the oncoming Soviet forces; the liberation by the United States Army; walking to Linz, Austria; being hospitalized for a year with Prostitutes Ciechanow immigrating to Israel; feelings about post-war Germany; and reflections on what occurred.

Chaim Levkowitz, born April 23, in Vlonia, Poland, describes the bombing of the town September 1, ; the creation of the ghetto; racial laws; the Judenrat; the Jewish police; moving to twelve camps; working in an ammunition factory; working on the Prostitutes Ciechanow roadways; marching out of Langenscheid as American forces approached; liberation by the Americans; and the effects and lessons of the Holocaust. Azriel Levy, born Junedescribes his life and schooling in Kovno, Poland Kaunas, Lithuania ; the Soviet occupation; German occupation in June ; the creation of the ghetto; ghetto institutions and living; joining the Prostitutes Ciechanow movement; getting caught and deported to Landsberg-am-Lech concentration camp in July ; escaping from a train to Dachau in April ; liberation by the Allies; immigrating to Palestine Israel ; and not discussing the Holocaust until the early s.

Eliezer Lidovski, born October 18, in Zhetel, Poland now Dziatlava, Belarusdiscusses the arrival of the Soviet troops; being identified as a leader of the Zionist movement; accusations and questioning by the NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union; being spared exile to Siberia; being cleared of all charges and his passport was returned; being caught by Germans in Minsk, Belarus; being sent to a military camp outside of Minsk; fleeing the camp; living in the Baranowice ghetto; living with partisans in Rovno, Poland Ukraine ; participating in the NAKAM the Jewish Avengers ; living in Italy with the Jewish Brigade; being caught by the British; internment in Cyprus; immigration to Israel; and adjustment to a new life.

Yehoshua Lior, born in in Prostitutes Ciechanow LakhvaBelarus, describes Lachva and the Jewish community there; life under Soviet rule from to ; the Wehrmacht entering the city on June 8, and how they took all men fourteen years and older to work; the creation of the ghetto on Passover Prostitutes Ciechanow in ; his current mission to publicize the Lachva ghetto so that others will know about it; the resistance movement in the ghetto and its young leader, Yitzhak Rochzyn; the Prostitutes Ciechanow during the night of September; his escape and encounters with Prostitutes Ciechanow who were Prostitutes Ciechanow willing to accept him and shot some escapees; the death of his family in the ghetto; joining the Red Army and moving through several countries after the Prostitutes Ciechanow, including Cyprus; testifying at war crime trials; and immigrating to Palestine in Menashe Lorenzy, born inin Kluzh, Hungary Prostitutes Ciechanow, Romaniadescribes his family and his twin Prostitutes Ciechanow, Lea; the persecution of Jews by Hungarians and Romanians; the large Jewish community in Kluzh; his father being sent to do forced labor; the Kastner family and the later Kastner trial; being ordered to go to the ghetto in Czilastnocho; the liquidation of the ghetto after two months and being sent with the other inmates to Auschwitz; being marched out Prostitutes Ciechanow Birkenau to the forest where they were liberated Prostitutes Ciechanow the Russian Army; going to Katowice, Poland, and was taken with Italian prisoners of war to Belarus to the Slutsk prison camp; his post-war life and family; and how his Holocaust experiences influenced his thinking about the Prostitutes Ciechanow in Israel.

Benjamin Maierchik, born in in Wloclawek, Poland, describes his Prostitutes Ciechanow family life and the Jewish community of Wloclawek; studying engineering to prepare for immigration to Israel and attending school in Warsaw; joining a Polish artillery unit; escaping and going to Mezerich; going to Brest, Belarus and his work there; moving to L'viv, Ukraine in Spring ; Prostitutes Ciechanow arrested Prostitutes Ciechanow the Soviets and sent to Rybinsk, where he was part of the project to build the port; Turgenievo camp; the conditions in Turgenievo; joining the Red Army in September and being sent to the Caucasus and Uzbekistan; joining the Free Prostitutes Ciechanow Army; participating in actions in Smolensk, Russia, in the liberation of Warsaw and Poznan, and in a victory parade in Prague; Polish antisemitism; his journey to Palestine in ; and fighting Prostitutes Ciechanow the Israeli War of Independence.

Yehuda Marshand, born in Amsterdam, Netherlands on Prostitutes Ciechanow 27,describes his Prostitutes Ciechanow his childhood; working for a firm that imported metals; meeting his wife, Hetti, in ; the arrival of Jewish refugees from Germany in ; joining the Dutch Army and becoming an officer; how after the Germans occupied Holland, he met a woman in Amersfoort who was active in the underground and a nobleman who agreed to give him his name so he would have a new identity; living in hiding with a Christian family; going in to Groningen, where he had to give his documents to the manager of the hotel who had to give them to a German policeman; being captured and sent to 's-Hertogenbosch camp, where Yehuda worked for the Philips factory; being sent to Westerbork, and then Birkenau, Monowitz, Gleiwitz, Dora, and Nordhausen; his post-war life; and immigration to Israel.

Yosef Morgenshtern, born on July 8, in Prostitutes Ciechanow, Serbia, describes his family and living in Sremska Mitrovica; the German arrival on April 22,prior to which his father was then arrested and taken to a camp near Osijek; being arrested with his brother by the Ustashi; the family being taken to Zagreb, Croatia and put into prison; how his Prostitutes Ciechanow had provided housing to two Jews who fled Germany Prostitutes Ciechanow the s; being transferred to Gospic; being transported after 20 days to Jasenovac II and his work there; the atrocities at Jasenovac, where he was held for about two months; being sent to Stara Gradiska, where he and his brother were assigned to work at the 'economy,' farm work; witnessing the murder of his brother; his life after Prostitutes Ciechanow, including spending three years with the partisans and having various jobs; and going to Israel in Shoshana Naor, born in Berlin, Germany Prostitutes Ciechanowdescribes her family; experiencing antisemitism; Kristallnacht; being sent by her family to Denmark where she stayed with a few different families in Copenhagen and in the countryside; her correspondence with Prostitutes Ciechanow parents and sister; the Danish underground moving her to Sweden where she decided to study to become a nurse; specializing in midwifery; learning the fate of her mother from the Red Cross and trying to immigrate to Israel through Belgium and France; arriving in Haifa after an arduous journey, but not being allowed to disembark; Prostitutes Ciechanow sent to Cyprus; eventually going to Palestine; and why she Prostitutes Ciechanow she survived.

Eilie Ofner, born indiscusses her early life in a philanthropic Zionist family; her music studies; her Prostitutes Ciechanow in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia after the German invasion and the massacre of Jews and Serbians Prostitutes Ciechanow Novi Sad; meeting her husband and working to help refugees; Schimon Brod, a Turkish citizen and his help in rescue efforts; and the rescue of Romanian Jews.

The recording ends with a group meeting between Miriam and her three adult children and includes their reaction to the tapes Prostitutes Ciechanow well as a discussion of how the Holocaust experience affected the family.

Artur Posnanski, born on July 30,in Berlin, Germany, describes his family; being part of a Jewish organization ILI ; working for a Jewish social agency and taking children to Denmark in ; bringing 30 children to Sweden in ; saving his parents eight times from transports; going to Hafilberg in the province of Brandenburg in ; going back to Berlin, where he was conscripted into forced labor; his brother going to Palestine illegally; being transported to camp Monowitz a sub-camp of Auschwitz ; the bombing of his barracks by the English; Prostitutes Ciechanow fever in the camp; selections in the camps; being moved to Prostitutes Ciechanow being liberated and the condition of camp at the time of liberation; his post-war family life and immigration to Israel; and his views on post-war Germany.

Simon-Tov Razon, born in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece indescribes attending Jewish school; his neighborhood number ; being recruited into the Greek Army in ; being near the border of Bulgaria and in the mountains for 7 to 8 months in ; joining the partisans in ; obtaining a false identification card as a Christian with the name Simon Demandopolis; how their partisan base was in the caves in the mountains Prostitutes Ciechanow there were women among their group; sabotaging the railroad stations; receiving orders to go to the villages and shoot so as to make it seem like they had large forces and thus encourage the farmers to join them; how his partisan division consisted of people, among them 10 to 15 Jews who got weapons and food from farmers; how after seven months after liberation he met friends from the Jewish Agency; his immigration to Israel; and his Prostitutes Ciechanow to that society.

Peretz Revess, born in in Horitz HoriceAustro-Hungary now Czech Republicdescribes his family, education, and encounters with antisemitism; becoming a leader of the Maccabi movement in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia Slovakia ; how when the Nazis came to power, Peretz's family arranged to escape to Budapest, Hungary; hiding in various locations in Hungary and assisting Joel Brandt in saving others; being liberated and assisting in bringing food to children's homes in Budapest; running the office responsible for children's homes and Prostitutes Ciechanow responsible for over children; how most of the budget came from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; immigrating to Israel and settling in a Prostitutes Ciechanow and the trial of Rudolf Kastner.

Simcha Rotem, born Prostitutes Ciechanow in Warsaw, Poland, describes his family and early life; experiencing antisemitism in school; joining the Akiva Zionist youth movement; the first Prostitutes Ciechanow decrees against Jews; being transferred to the Warsaw ghetto and living conditions inside the ghetto; life in the ghetto, including contact with friends, slave labor, and opportunities to trade for food with gentiles, the Judenrat, and on the black market; being involved in meetings of the resistance movement; going to Czerniakow; not Prostitutes Ciechanow active in the first uprising; resistance activities and various hiding places; going to Krakow to contact partisan leader Michel Borwicz; the difficult conditions in Krakow prior to capture by the Red Army; and his illegal immigration to Palestine.

Gustav Schaumburger, born on December 6, in the small town Hlyboka, Ukraine; describes his family; his childhood; how in the Russians took back Bukovina, the Germans retreated, and how it affected daily life; how in May-June most Jews were ordered to move to a prescribed ghetto area; his family going to the Czernovitz Chernivtsi ghetto; life in the ghetto and having to forge and barter for food; being transferred to Mogilev-Podolsk, Ukraine; being liberated by partisans; the partisans distributing arms and ghetto conditions improving; the fates of his siblings; being recruited into the Red Prostitutes Ciechanow and sent to build an airport in Belarus; moving to Israel; and discussing his Holocaust experiences.

Yehoshua Shachar, born in in Debrecen, Hungary, describes his orthodox family; community life and incidents of antisemitism; the Germans entering Hungary in March ; the increasing restrictions imposed on the Jewish community; how his mother and her three sons were forced to pack Prostitutes Ciechanow were pushed with others onto crowded trains; going to Vienna, Austria, where he worked in Prostitutes Ciechanow school and in farms; being forced to march with thousands to Mauthausen; conditions in the camp; Kapos; being sent on a truck to Gunskirchen; liberation by Americans; escaping the camp when Russians took over and he returned to Vienna to contact the JOINT; finding his family in Debrecen on August 20, ; his immigration to Palestine; and his postwar life and family in Israel.

Shlomo Shafir, born in Berlin, Germany indescribes being raised by his father and grandmother in Eitkoven, a small town in the Lithuanian east Prussian border; living with his father who moved to Kovno in ; the German take-over on June 22, and how antisemitism became much worse; moving to the ghetto with his father; editing and working Prostitutes Ciechanow the underground news; mass killings in the ghetto; being deported with an aunt to Stutthof and then sent to Dachau on July 13, ; life in Dachau and his forced labor work; being transferred to Kaufering II and Kaufering I; continuing his extensive underground Zionist activities and even theater; their evacuation by train and march to the central Dachau camp; being liberated on Prostitutes Ciechanow 2, and helped by villagers; going Prostitutes Ciechanow Freimann displaced persons camp with the help of Jewish officers; spending two weeks in St.

Ottilien hospital; staying in Bergen Belsen displaced persons camp; and immigrating to Palestine in April Ze'ev Scheinwald, born in July in Sochaczew, Poland, describes his family; being a member of Betar; the outbreak of war; escaping temporarily to Warsaw, Poland but returning to Sochaczew; being expelled from Sochaczew in February ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; escaping from the ghetto and working for Polish peasants; going to the labor camp Skarzysko; being transferred to Buchenwald; being sent to Schlieben to work in the munitions factory; being liberated in Mauthausen; his immigration to Israel; and his disappointment with the reception of Holocaust survivors in Israel.

Prostitutes Ciechanow Shomroni, born in in Zagreb, Croatia, describes his family; joining the several youth movements, including Noar Echudi, Prostitutes Ciechanow Hatzair, and Bnei Akiba Bnei Akiva ; Prostitutes Ciechanow to Palestine in but being Prostitutes Ciechanow back by the British; studying veterinary medicine; the Germans arrival in and his family being protected by General Kvatenik, who had been his father's patient; being arrested when the General was dismissed; how he, his wife, daughter, and father hid in a village near the Hungarian border; crossing the border and going by train to Budapest; getting papers to go to Szeged, Hungary; his immigration to Palestine through Romania and Turkey and via train through Syria; and his reflections on his experiences and why he believes he survived and others did not.

Avraham was hiding in Kovno when war broke out on June 22,and began to write his diary which he kept for three years. He describes life in the Kovno ghetto and life in hiding for four and a half months. He describes the escape route through Bucharest, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, crossing the Austrian border and subsequently into Italy, where he became active in the illegal immigration movement.

He arrived in Tel Aviv, Palestine, on October 17, ; he discusses his early years in Palestine, as well as Prostitutes Ciechanow sequence of events that led to the publication of the Kovno Ghetto diary. During the interview Mr. Zilber shows pictures of various ghetto resistance leaders.

Dan Zimerman, born in Budapest, Hungary, indiscusses Prostitutes Ciechanow to Poprad, Czechoslovakia Slovakia ; his family; joining the Hashomer Hatzair and Hachsara; what they knew about the fate of European Jews in ; joining the Slovak Army in ; traveling to Bratislava, Slovakia; his parents and two brothers escaping to Budapest, Hungary, and life there; his connections to the underground; making false papers; German invasion of Budapest March 19, ; Prostitutes Ciechanow to Romania; hiding in Arad, Romania, and traveling throughout Europe to Haifa, Palestine Israel.

Pinchas Ziontz, born in September Prostitutes Ciechanow, in Baranow, Poland, discusses his early family life; the outbreak of war in September ; the establishment of the Judenrat and the ghetto; escaping from the ghetto Prostitutes Ciechanow hiding on a farm for a week southwest of Baranow, Poland; leaving the farm and hiding in the forest until June ; travel to Kamionka, Poland, where he and his immediate family hid in an aunt's attic; escaping to Konskowola, Poland; returning to Baranow after Prostitutes Ciechanow away for five months; hiding in the forest in Octobernext to Pogonow, Poland, until the end of the war; his father managing to buy a hiding place in the straw storage belonging to a Polish farmer where they remained for two months; building bunkers in the forest; contact with the PPR Polish workers party partisans; life in the forest; being shot in the leg in the forest; liberation by the Russians; traveling to Lublin, Poland, in September ; and his post-war reunion with an aunt.

Arie Zizamski, born in Pruzany, Poland present day Pruzhany, Belarusdiscusses his childhood; rising antisemitism; the invasion of Germans and withdraw of Soviets; the Judenrat and ghetto of Pruzany; arriving at Auschwitz-Birkeanu; going to Buna Monowitz ; going to Buchenwald; entering Czechoslovakia; going to the hospital in Terezin; going to a displaced persons camp in Landsberg and Bergen Belsen; going to Italy by Bricha; illegally migrating by boat to Palestine; being interned in Cyprus; and arriving in Israel in Alexander Avnon, born Alexander Silberstein Prostitutes Ciechanow in Warsaw, Poland, discusses moving to Otwock, Poland ; life in the Warsaw ghetto ; being smuggled out of the ghetto; living with a Christian woman; traveling to Moscow, Soviet Union; being in jail for vagrancy; being sent to a Polish orphanage; returning to Warsaw in ; and immigrating to Palestine Israel.

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Itzchak Dugin, born in Vilna VilniusLithuania indiscusses his family life; working as a printer until ; the Germans arriving in Vilna; enforcement of anti-Jewish laws; moving to ghetto II in Vilna; obtaining a work permit to leave the ghetto and working at a gasoline depot; being taken to a work camp in Ponary; digging up corpses; escaping from Ponary in small groups; and meeting up with Prostitutes Ciechanow joining Russian partisans.

Avraham Kapitza, born in Tykocin, Poland, on June 6,discusses Prostitutes Ciechanow family life; pre-war antisemitism; the Germans' arrival in ; the administration of Tykocin under German Prostitutes Ciechanow fleeing to Knyszyn, Poland, where he stayed for three weeks; fleeing to Jasionowka, Poland; ending up in the Bialystok ghetto; being taken to Blizin; being sent to Birkenau, where he would have been killed because he was infected with typhoid fever, had it not been for a Jewish commander; being taken to Sosnowiec Sosnowice then Mauthausen; being taken to Gunskirchen; being Prostitutes Ciechanow by Americans; traveling to Budapest, Hungary, and Salzburg, Austria; and immigrating to Israel in Lea Fuchs Portnoy, born in Rafalovka, Ukraine indiscusses her family life; pre-war antisemitism; joining Jewish youth groups; the German entrance Prostitutes Ciechanow ; life in the ghetto; escaping to the forest with her child; shelter given to her by Polish peasants; briefly joining the partisans in the forest; boarding various trains in the direction of Russia; spending time in Kiev, Ukraine; working in an army kitchen; and attempts to return to Rafalovka, Ukraine.

Anka Rochman, Prostitutes Ciechanow in Warsaw, Poland, discusses pre-war antisemitism; getting married in ; the beginning of war in ; Prostitutes Ciechanow in the Warsaw ghetto; Prostitutes Ciechanow shortages in the ghetto; her husband and a friend building two attached bunkers; hiding with 21 others during round-ups; hiding with her husband, his brother and sister, and others during the ghetto uprising; working in a battery factory Prostitutes Ciechanow the Warsaw ghetto; a visit by Mordechai Anilevitch; the structure of bunkers and food storage in the Warsaw ghetto in January ; some leaving after the larger bunker was destroyed; using drains to obtain food from Poles; her husband negotiating with Poles Prostitutes Ciechanow killed him; staying with her brother-in-law and sister-in-law in the drains for three Prostitutes Ciechanow days; exiting to the house of a Pole who helped them; and the Polish uprising; and how she hid in the bunker for nine months and only she and her sister-in-law survived the war.

David Ruher, born on Prostitutes Ciechanow 10,in Lublin, Poland, discusses his family life; imprisonment in Bereza-Kartuska, Poland Biaroza, Belarus and the Rawicz prison in Rawicz, Poland, for Prostitutes Ciechanow activities; building of the ghetto in Lublin, Poland; finding refuge for his family in the colony of Czechowice, Poland; finding refuge on a farm in Melgiew, Poland; plans to go to Germany; being separated from his father; traveling to Lublin; contact with Prostitutes Ciechanow underground in Lukow, Poland, in September ; witnessing the liquidation of the Jews of Lukow; returning to Lublin in ; reuniting with his brother and sister at the end of May ; and immigrating to Palestine before Vera Tarsi, born on May 20,in Prostitutes Ciechanow, Czechoslovakia Uzhhorod, Ukrainedescribes her family; moving to Prague, Czech Republic when she was one-year old; the German entrance into Czechoslovakia in and her father's attempts to obtain Hungarian passports; moving to Budapest, Hungary through Vienna, Austria in ; teaching English and French to two sisters in Budapest; obtaining Prostitutes Ciechanow Swiss passports; moving into a protected house on the shores of the Danube in Prostitutes Ciechanow the Russian army's arrival; working at the newly opened Czech embassy in Budapest; returning to Prague; marrying another survivor; and immigrating to Israel in March These additional online resources from the U.

Holocaust Memorial Museum will help you learn more about the Holocaust and research your family Prostitutes Ciechanow. The Holocaust Encyclopedia provides an overview of the Holocaust using text, photographs, maps, artifacts, Prostitutes Ciechanow personal histories. Research family history relating to the Holocaust and explore the Museum's collections about individual survivors and victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution.

This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes. Skip to Prostitutes Ciechanow content The Reading Room at the Shapell Center is open to the public, with limitations and by appointment only. The Fifth Floor reading room remains closed. Reference questions, including those regarding access to collections, may be directed to reference ushmm. For questions about donating materials, please contact curator ushmm. Please do not send any materials until explicitly Prostitutes Ciechanow to do so by curatorial staff.

Thank you for your Prostitutes Ciechanow. Back to Results New Search. Oral history interview with Pinchas Zabludovitz.

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Interviewee Pinchas Zabludovitz. Date interview: September Language Hebrew. Expand all. About This Oral History.

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Keywords and Subjects. Topical Term Concentration camp inmates. Death Prostitutes Ciechanow survivors. Death marches. Forced labor. Holocaust survivors--Israel--Interviews. Holocaust, Jewish --Personal narratives. Jewish families--Poland. Jews--Legal status, laws, etc. Men--Personal Prostitutes Ciechanow. People with disabilities--Nazi persecution--Poland. World War, Concentration camps--Liberation.

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World War, Prostitutes Ciechanow from Poland. World War, Underground movements--Poland--Oswiecim. Poland--History--Occupation, Warsaw Poland. Personal Name Zabludovitz, Pinchas, Administrative History. Legal Status Permanent Collection.

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Prostitutes Ciechanow history interview with Rafael Abarbanel and Rachel Abarbanel Oral History Raphael Prostitutes Ciechanow Abarbanel, born indiscusses his family and his childhood in Pirot, Serbia; moving to Belgrade, Serbia; his religious upbringing; joining the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement; his disbelief about events in Germany; the German bombings of Belgrade; being taken from his home; his work in a forced labor group under German control and his attempts Prostitutes Ciechanow join Communist partisans; escaping from a train in Prostitutes Ciechanow, Bulgaria; joining Prostitutes Ciechanow refugees in Sofia, Bulgaria; being caught and interned in Albania; forging documents; escaping by boat in February ; landing in a British camp for refugees in Bari, Italy; immigrating to Palestine; and settling in a kibbutz in Israel.

Oral history interview with Moshe Alpan Oral History Moshe Alpan born Moshe Elefant discusses the antisemitism in Vranov, Slovakia before the war; joining Hashomer Hatzair; the anti-Jewish measures and violence; the disbelief of his community at what was happening; becoming active in the Zionist movement as a way to help; organizing the Hashomer Hatzair underground movement in Budapest, Hungary in February ; the German occupation of Prostitutes Ciechanow in March ; the Jewish resistance groups; partisan rescue missions; working with the communist underground movement; helping Polish Jews cross into Slovakia; his emotional Prostitutes Ciechanow to the events; immigrating to Israel in July ; and his philosophical ideas about heroism, being a victim, and resistance.

They only went out in the morning to go to the synagogue.

One of the victims of the Don Cossacks was Rabbi Samuel Isaac Landau, who was kidnapped at night and tormented in a hotel room. In the spring ofwhen the Germans launched their offensive, Jews in many towns were ordered to leave their homes.

Upon the initiative of the Kahane family, an orphanage and kindergarten were opened, with the support of the Central Committee of the Zionist Organization in Poland. This was a result of a number of factors, including the concentration of people in towns where the birth rate was lower than in rural areasdecreasing religiosity which favoured large familieseconomic migration affecting people of childbearing age and Prostitutes Ciechanow mortality among the poorest parts of the Jewish community tuberculosis.

According to the census ofPoles constituted The census showed a discrepancy between the number of people speaking in Hebrew and Yiddish 4,and the number of people declaring Jewish faith 4, This could indicate the existence of a small Prostitutes Ciechanow of assimilated Jews, however, such a Prostitutes Ciechanow should be treated with caution because of the unreliability of the census, which overstated the number of Poles and underestimated the number of Prostitutes Ciechanow minorities.

There was a Jewish Merchants Association in the town, which had Prostitutes Ciechanow hundred members.

Wino was the chairman. The following people, among others, were engaged in trade: W. Urbane gallantryS. Rubinsztajn fur and clothing materialsD.

Goldsztajn clocks, jewellery, small leather goodsProstitutes Ciechanow. This list is incomplete as it does not include small shops that did not Prostitutes Ciechanow and stalls run without a patent.

Market day was on Prostitutes Ciechanow and Fridays and Jews traded with peasants from the surrounding villages. Agents bought, for example, grain for the mills. One of the biggest mills in the Warsaw Province belonged to Wajnsztok, smaller mills were located on Nadrzeczna Street and belonged to Lubieniecki and Mundsztuk.

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Craft was equally important as trade. Ina survey was carried out in the Prostitutes Ciechanow, which showed the existence of six leather industry stores, clothes and hat stores, 10 metal industry stores, 5 — machine stores, 3 — wood stores, 4 — textile stores and one stone industry store. Jewish stores employed an average of two employees - the owner and a member of his family working as an assistant, rarely hired worker.

Characteristically, out Prostitutes Ciechanow hired workers Prostitutes Ciechanow in Jewish stores only 4 were not of Jewish origin. Minor Jewish craftsmen who had no means to pay for patents were engaged in cottage industry.

They were mainly tailors and shoemakers, and produced mostly shoddy "trash". Wild, hoarse screams, the rattling of wheels, the grunts of oncoming Prostitutes Ciechanow, stark blows of whips fiercely landed on the Prostitutes Ciechanow of opponents Suddenly, after a moment of turmoil, the first victorious quadrigas emerged There were no more passengers left for the carriages that came last in the battle.

They went away very slowly to dress their wounds. Often the damage was quite grave: shattered boards, broken spokes, crushed shoes.

Later presidents of the community Prostitutes Ciechanow Nathan Cajtog, AS. Lichtenstein and Herszt Kirszencwajg, whereas Chaim Morthaim Braumrot held the post of rabbi throughout the entire period — he was also an honorary president of the community board, a member of the administration and various community institutions.

In the community had 1, adult members, of which were obliged to pay community contributions. At this time, the community funded the activities of, among others, Talmud-Torah, Bet Prostitutes Ciechanow, Religious Evening Courses, savings and loans fund, the "Linat Hatsedek" shelter Prostitutes Ciechanow, "Hachnaset Orchim" which provided aid and a field kitchen for the most needy. In that year, the property included cemeteries and a synagogue and was estimated at 82 thousand zlotys.

The revival of the Zionist movement in the town Prostitutes Ciechanow place after the announcement of the Balfour Declaration They believed that a Jewish state should be rebuilt in Palestine, under theocratic rule, following the rules of Judaism.

They believed that a Jewish state should be rebuilt in Palestine, under theocratic rule, following the rules of Judaism.

The youth wing of the party was called "Tseire Mizarchi", and had a reading club and a field kitchen at its seat at Warszawska Street. The founder of the organization was Michael Szaft.

The party put off the question of the principles Prostitutes Ciechanow the functioning of the Jewish state until its establishment in Palestine. In the short run it demanded cultural and national autonomy for Jews in Poland. On the fifth conference of the Poale Zion Association, as a result of different Prostitutes Ciechanow on the international labour movement, the party split into Poale Zion Left and Poale Zion Right. The former emphasized its ties with the global Prostitutes Ciechanow movement and planned to join the Comintern; whereas Poale Zion Right identified itself with general Zionism and was associated with the World Zionist Organization.

The main aim was to adapt young Jews for future work for the construction of the Jewish state and the colonization of Palestine. One of the training centres was located in the home of a gardener, Berl. It was founded by: S. Frid, M. Konarek, M. Lipski, the Schlifman brothers and Nowogrodzki brothers. Shortly afterwards Ha-Szachar began to lose its members who joined the paramilitary Brit Trumpeldor, associated with Zionist Revisionists, which eventually led to its dissolution, announced 19 November The characteristic attributes of the young scouts included colourful flags, banners and uniforms, which was an important psychological factor for young boys and girls.

Its aim was to prepare young Jews for settlement in Palestine through vocational and military training. Its members Prostitutes Ciechanow training called hachshara where they acquired skills necessary for colonization. The course Prostitutes Ciechanow completed with an English certificate for the journey to Prostitutes Ciechanow. There was also the Association of Friends of Working Palestine in the town, which was under communist influence.

On 25 March, the district governor suspended the activities of the Association on suspicion of being influenced by the Polish Communist Party. Their base was sealed. On 16 May, Jews protested against drastic limitations in the number of emigration certificates to Palestine.

Five days later, the board of Poale Zion Right Prostitutes Ciechanow a protest rally, which gathered 70 people, mostly young Prostitutes Ciechanow related to the youth wing of the party called "Frayhayt". There was also a Jewish Prostitutes Ciechanow and Educational Association "Tarbut" operating in the town, which was under the influence of Zionists and aimed to develop a Jewish national attitude through educational activities.

For example, in it organized a lecture entitled Zionism. In Prostitutes Ciechanow organized a lecture dedicated to the role of women in the reconstruction Prostitutes Ciechanow a Jewish state in Palestine.

The speaker, Szpigielsztejn from Warsaw, presented the view that women and men should have an equal share in the building of a Jewish state, assigning women with a unique role in educating children in the national spirit.

Its founders included the following rabbis: David Wajngarten and Jakub Student. The main Prostitutes Ciechanow of the party were the defence of the religious rights of Jews, the defence of the economic interests of the Jewish population, the education of young Jews in the spirit of Judaism, through establishing religious schools and preserving the religious character of the Jewish community. The Orthodox stressed the need for educating young Jews in the spirit of loyalty to the state.

Agudah opposed the Zionists, treating their efforts to popularize the Hebrew language as a religious desecration as the Orthodox regarded the language as sacred, claiming that it should remain the language of liturgy. Young Orthodox Jews from Tseire Agudat developed large-scale activities by: organizing meetings, lectures and Prostitutes Ciechanow in their own library.

They also funded a loan society. The members of Poale Agudat Israel joined their efforts with great enthusiasm. The party had a negative view of the Zionist movement and opposed the attempts Prostitutes Ciechanow popularize Prostitutes Ciechanow Hebrew language. The Bund was of the opinion that the native language of Polish Jews is Yiddish. It also fought against clericalism and the domination of the rabbis.

This meant that Bund was opposed by all organizations - from Orthodox Jews to the Zionists. For many years, the party leaders were: Wolf Kostrzewa and Idel Bronsztajn.

The Perec library was under the influence of the Bund, "the busiest Jewish cultural and educational organization" — as reported in a Prostitutes Ciechanow report from Education, especially religious education, played a key role in the Jewish community.

Numerous private Jewish religious schools played Prostitutes Ciechanow important role. A reformed cheder was not established in the town due Prostitutes Ciechanow the strong opposition of the Hasidic Rabbi, Samuel Isaac Landau.

Inthere were students in the school, which meant that classes were run in two shifts. The school also organized a prayer room for children and adolescents. It was created with the support of the cultural and educational association "Tarbut". Rabbi Chaim Braumrot organized a religious school, "Talmud Torah", offering courses in Hebrew and Judaic teachings Prostitutes Ciechanow children from the primary school. Agudah, thanks to the backing and financial support of Rabbi Joel Wajngarten, organized a religious school for Jewish girls "Bet-Yaakov", headed by Mordechai Nojer.

The relationships between Jews and Christians were good, which is illustrated by the fact that Zionist organizations won little support. Subsequent elections to the Jewish Community Council in the yearsandwere won by Prostitutes Ciechanow Orthodox, who favoured loyalty to the state.

It Prostitutes Ciechanow only in the mids Prostitutes Ciechanow the Zionist ideology gained popularity due to anti-Jewish demonstrations of the Christian part of the population.

In the second half of the s, the Jewish community became more radical as a result of the deteriorating financial situation and due to a shift in the state policy towards ethnic minorities. Immediately after entering the town, Germans started to persecute the Jewish population. The commander of the town Prostitutes Ciechanow that the liquor store run by Pokorski, a Jew, be Prostitutes Ciechanow and its stock given to Germans and Poles. The same happened with a Jewish confectionery Prostitutes Ciechanow by Jakub Siano.

The Jewish bakery was banned Prostitutes Ciechanow distributing bread for free. On 7 September the commander called a Jewish meeting at the synagogue and tried to persuade all those gathered to voluntarily leave Prostitutes Ciechanow town. Jews did not agree. On the following day the Nazis demolished the synagogue.

Jews were forced to burn their books and fifteen scrolls at the market square. Afterwards, at night, they secretly stole into the market square Prostitutes Ciechanow took the remnants and ashes to the cemetery Prostitutes Ciechanow they buried them.

The synagogue remained empty for some time and was later turned into a car repair shop. The Germans ordered Jews to pay inordinate contributions, which were very difficult to pay as most of the wealthy Jews had already left town. On 23 September, the men were herded into market square, where they had to stand in a Prostitutes Ciechanow circle with their hands up for three hours.

At that time, a group of soldiers plundered Jewish stores and apartments. Abram Wolf Holcman and Hersz Miller were then killed. Afterwards, Jews were engaged in forced labour, which Prostitutes Ciechanow in a senseless transportation of stones from one Prostitutes Ciechanow to another, and had only one aim — humiliation.

Otherwise, they were to be punished with death. In order to have this order met, Germans took twenty hostages, including a rabbi. At that time, the town constantly received news that the Jewish population was being brutally expelled from nearby cities and Prostitutes Ciechanow.

However, for the time being, the occupier had other plans. However, it was not before 26 October that this decree became effective and the civil administration seized power in the town. One of the first decisions was to appoint the Judenrat, the Jewish Council, which included pre-war community board members and Bencjon Erlich, appointed by the Germans, who was elected as chairman.

Judenrat received orders to carry out a census of the Prostitutes Ciechanow population.

The results of the census remain unknown. According to Dariusz Piotrowicz, this number is greatly overestimated. Based on data Prostitutes Ciechanow from censuses, he concluded that in the years fromthe number of Jews increased by approximately seventeen people Prostitutes Ciechanow year.

Assuming that the population growth did not change much, approx. As early as October, the Germans deprived Jewish merchants and craftsmen of their workshops, and Prostitutes Ciechanow a decree issued on 1 November Jews were banned from running any type of business activity. Also in November, a work duty for all Jews aged and Jewish women agedbecame effective. Everyone was registered at the Arbeitsamt labour office.

Then they were forced to perform work which involved sweeping streets, moving piles of debris and emptying rubbish bins. The work had no economic value, the only aim was to torment people. The Judenrat was responsible for assigning tasks and Prostitutes Ciechanow exemptions in exchange for bribes. The Prostitutes Ciechanow had to work until they were exhausted. The Judenrat was also in charge of marking Jews, which took place until December Everyone above twelve years old had to wear a yellow Star of David on the left side of the chest and another one on the back.

Prostitutes Ciechanow authorities issued other orders, such as the ban on walking on pavements Prostitutes Ciechanow a duty to Prostitutes Ciechanow to Germans and take off their hats. A special post office for Jews Prostitutes Ciechanow set up to limit the information flow from other regions of the country. Closing down the ghetto in the autumn of was a Prostitutes Ciechanow act of excluding the Jews from society. In October, Mayor Folke issued a decree prohibiting Jews from appearing on the streets: Ragniterstasse from Prostitutes Ciechanow to PultuskerstrasseWaeschaustrasse, Marktstrasse and Marktplatz.

The exit, which led directly to Prostitutes Ciechanow streets, was bricked up and new streets were paved on the back. The ghetto was not fenced but Jews were completely isolated from Poles. Any attempt to trespass the boundaries, which were modified several times during the war, was severely punished with fines, arrest, heavy beatings, placing in re-education labour camps or even public executions.

Only those who had a street pass issued Prostitutes Ciechanow the mayor were allowed to go to work by the shortest route. Jewish police formed by the Judenrat was responsible for keeping order in the ghetto. A curfew was introduced in the first days of the German occupation. At first, people were not allowed to leave homes from 9 pm to 6 am.

Then, under a decree dated 4 th Aprilthe curfew was changed from 9 pm to 5 am from 1 April to 30 September and from 7 pm to 6 am in the remaining months. This is all your work!

Prostitutes Ciechanow, Buy Sluts in Ciechanow,Poland

Oral history interview with David Ruher Oral History David Ruher, born on March 10, , in Lublin, Poland, discusses his family life; imprisonment in Bereza-Kartuska, Poland Biaroza, Belarus and the Rawicz prison in Rawicz, Poland, for Communist activities; building of the ghetto in Lublin, Poland; finding refuge for his family in the colony of Czechowice, Poland; finding refuge on a farm in Melgiew, Poland; plans to go to Germany; being separated from his father; traveling to Lublin; contact with the underground in Lukow, Poland, in September ; witnessing the liquidation of the Jews of Lukow; returning to Lublin in ; reuniting with his brother and sister at the end of May ; and immigrating to Palestine before Labour Geography: A Work in Progress.