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Vela Blagoeva

Musoma Area Habitat for Humanity does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, Prostitutes Musoma, sex, Prostitutes Musoma, family status or marital status, Prostitutes Musoma, sexual orientation, gender identity, or because all or part Prostitutes Musoma income is derived from any Prostitutes Musoma assistance program. The estimations, Prostitutes Svishtov for the period of the third century, were based on the existing epigraphical sources in which presence of military units was recorded.

She wrote articles about discrimination against teachers, equality and women's education. Between andProstitutes Svishtov taught in a succession of Prostitutes Svishtov in Sofia —Shumen —Vidin —Veliko Tarnovo —Stara Zagora —Plovdiv —Tulcha —Plovdiv —Sofia — and Marashki Trustenik — Andreychinand prose from Anton Strashimirov. She edited the journal until Prostitutes Svishtov, when she was forced to suspend publication, primarily because of her husband's activities.

She believed that the BzhS had become too focused on upper-class women's issues alone and was not focused on the worker's needs. InBlagoeva founded the first educational group for women workers which focused on a socialist Prostitutes Svishtov and by August of that year had organized a conference for socialist women in Sofia.

These actions drew criticism, including from her husband, on the basis that male colleagues believed that women should remain part of the united workers movement. While she remained against attempts to unite all women under one umbrella organization, Blagoeva argued with male colleagues that women had the right to make their own decisions.

While all of her writings were devoted to socialism, she wrote about women's emancipation from the societal strictures of patriarchy and subordination and urged women's independence, equal education, paid labor, access to education and the abolition of punishment for prostitution. Blagoeva and Dimitar Prostitutes Svishtov four children: Stela NataliaVladimir and Dimitur Dimitur was killed during World War I.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Vela Blagoeva. TarnovoProstitutes Svishtov Bulgaria. SofiaBulgaria. Daskalova, Krassimira Sofia, Bulgaria: Horizonti. Retrieved 27 March Vela Blagoeva-educator and public figure] in Bulgarian. Archived Prostitutes Svishtov the original on 27 March Nenieto, Saedi Prostitutes Svishtov July Prostitutes Svishtov is the author of the hymn "Shumi Maritsa"] in Bulgarian.

Plovdiv, Bulgaria: Plovdivska Gimnaziia. Berdowski, B. Blahaczek ed. Prostitutes Svishtov those events in the first century BCE and the early years of the new era contributed Prostitutes Svishtov an even deeper economic retardation of the already sparsely Prostitutes Svishtov lands north of the Haemus, and created no conditions stimulating the growth of urban centres. The already highlighted disparities with the territories south of the Stara Planina must have become particularly pronounced at the time.

The contrasts are unequivocally depicted by Tacitus who remarked on the division of Thrace during the reign of Prostitutes Svishtov. The southern part, bordering on Greece, which fell to Cotys, was a fertile and urbanized land, whereas the territory granted to Rhescuporis, situated between the mountains and the Danube, was wild, barren, and had hostile tribes as its neighbours This is also confirmed by archaeological research, at least in the case of southern Dobruja.

Prostitutes Svishtov of the Getic tumuli demonstrated that in Prostitutes Svishtov second — first century BCE Prostitutes Svishtov population dwindled systematically. Additionally, funerary equipment was much poorer than in the previous periods, which may be seen as representative for the entire Dobruja Until the reign of Claudius, the territories on the Lower Danube were of marginal importance among political and military concerns of Rome Dimum was the easternmost military post on the Danube line; the land which extended from that point to the very estuary of the river was called ripa Thraciae.

It was controlled, at least in the formal sense, by the Kingdom of Thrace which at the time was Prostitutes Svishtov dependent from Rome The achievements of Claudius in restoring stability to the Lower Danube regions are undeniable. The emperor abolished the client Prostitutes Svishtov of Thrace 79 L. II Torbatov, The Getae, p. I 80 and Cass. Dio Prostitutes Svishtov, 25, 4; various suggestions of the date are compiled in R.

I 80; Cass. Dio 58, 25; A. Stein, Legaten, p. Birley, Exeterpp. Also, by means of military intervention north of the Black Sea, Claudius secured communication Prostitutes Svishtov between Moesia, Asia Minor and Syria Naturally, that was just the first Prostitutes Svishtov on the way to creating the province of Lower Moesia and incorporation of the entire Lower Danube into the economic structures of Imperium Romanum. The area east of Novae was not encompassed Prostitutes Svishtov the system of Roman fortifications, but it was controlled by the river fleet87, which had a bearing on the further development of those lands.

The area between the Timok and the Yantra, hitherto lagging very much behind in social and economic terms, was relatively soon exposed to Roman civilisation.

The peaceful spell was interrupted by the Sarmatian Roxoloni, who regularly raided the territory in CE. On top of that, Dacians became more active from 69 CE onwards. The fact that legio V Alaudae, sent to the Lower Danube area after those events simply vanished, most likely slaughtered to the last man by the Dacians, attests to the gravity of the situation.

The reign of the new dynasty — the Flavians — brought about qualitative Prostitutes Svishtov in the discussed regions. In the first place, army was deployed to the area east of Novae, this securing Prostitutes Svishtov frontier of the empire. The last of the Flavian house, Domitian, was particularly active there, compelled to direct intervention by the impending threat from the Dacians.

Kolendo, Aneksja Tracji za cesarza Klaudiusza, [in:] L. Ilski ed. Piso hrsg. September — 1. OktoberCluj-Napocapp. Mrozewicz, Kaiser Claudius, p. Domitian assured peace on the Lower Prostitutes Svishtov and made the first step in the strategic scheme to conquer Dacia, dividing the province into Upper superior and Lower Moesia inferior Lower Moesia — an outline of political history Emperor Domitian was forced to divide Moesia in the wake of Prostitutes Svishtov failures in the war with Dacians the defeats of Gaius Oppius Sabinus in 85 CE and Cornelius Fuscus the following year.

Strategic considerations were the critical factor behind the decision. Upper Moesia would serve as a region where the army concentrated while Lower Moesia secured the flanks of the Roman offensive, controlling the area of the Black Sea at the same time The line dividing both provinces was demarcated along the river Ciabrus Cibrica. The frontier between Lower Moesia and Thrace is difficult to Prostitutes Svishtov, as it underwent several modifications.

In the east, Lower Moesia extended to the coast of the Black Sea, including Mesambria and its territory. A new province, Dacia, came into existence Prostitutes Svishtov the north, thanks to Prostitutes Svishtov western part of Moesia Inferior ceased to function as a frontier territory. This was evinced in the transfer of the legion from Oescus to Troesmis The territory of Lower Moesia was systematically expanded Map 1. InMontana was incorporated into Lower Moesia, while the western border was moved from the Prostitutes Svishtov of the lower Ciabrus to the mouth of the Almus Lom 93 but, again, the reconstruction of the southern border is exceedingly difficult Nicopolis ad Istrum and Marcianopolis, the cities established after the Dacian wars may offer some clue, since they were 89 T.

Sarnowski, Wojsko rzymskie, pp. Mrozewicz, Flawiusze nad Dunajem, [in:] idem ed. Strobel, Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans, Bonnp. Aricescu, The Army, p.

Tomas, Inter Moesos et Thraces, Archeologia, p. On these grounds, it is presumed that at the time Lower Moesia was a narrow strip of land between Thrace and the Danube Boris Gerov Prostitutes Svishtov that the contemporary Prostitutes Svishtov of Lower Moesia ran south of Montana, east of Butovo, north of Nicopolis ad Istrum and Maslarev, and then extended further almost in a straight line above Marcianopolis, reaching the territories of the Greek cities, and subsequently turning south to encompass Mesambria From that moment on, the western boundary of the province was delimited by the mouth of the Almus, Prostitutes Svishtov the line of the Danube down to the Black Sea, while the range of Haemus Mons separated Lower Moesia from Thrace.

The frontiers lasted in that shape until except for Tyras and Olbia, which the Romans lost inwhen following the evacuation of Dacia the western part of Lower Moesia with Oescus was transformed into a separate province called Dacia Ripensis; Scythia Minor was Prostitutes Svishtov in Dobruja, while the remaining territory became the Moesia Secunda In consequence, Lower Moesia consisted of regions which differed in terms of urban and economic development.

From the standpoint of these deliberations, the area of greatest interest stretched along the Danube, where the army presence and the associated settlement were the predominant 95 Ibidem. III, Amsterdampp.

Nicopolis ad Istrum and Marcianopolis were located further into the province. The Greek cities on the Prostitutes Svishtov Sea, i. Olbia, Tyras seized by the Goths in the third cent. One Prostitutes Svishtov not overlook Montana in the south-western part of Lower Moesia, a highly militarized mining region with a substantial economic potential, or the area of the present-day district of Shumen, which in antiquity was poorly urbanized but possessed high agricultural potential As a frontier province, Lower Moesia was exposed to aggression from Prostitutes Svishtov outside.

Its very creation has Prostitutes Svishtov be attributed to the war that Domitian waged on the Dacians Prostitutes Svishtov the Danube ina war which was only partially successful.

From that moment onwards peace reigned in Lower Moesia — save for minor incidents — offering favourable conditions for economic development. The Prostitutes Svishtov found itself in serious danger only induring the raid of the barbarian Costoboci who made it across the Danube near Noviodunum and penetrated as far as Attica Still, the situation was promptly brought under control, and apart from inconsequential incidents on the frontiers, the army effectively fulfilled its Prostitutes Svishtov.

However, the year saw the first mass incursions of trans-Danubian peoples Prostitutes Svishtov invasion under Prostitutes Svishtov Cniva in was a disastrous one, with a substantial territory south of the Danube laid to waste. The invaders captured Philippopolis and, even worse for the empire, not only was the main Roman force crushed at the battle of Prostitutes Svishtov inbut the emperor Decius was killed in combat as well At the time, the territory on the Lower Danube was one of the most volatile hot spots along the frontier of Imperium Romanum.

Prostitutes Svishtov final major invasions which took place in the third century CE were Prostitutes Svishtov plundering M. Binev, Montana, [in:] R. Ivanov ed. JahrhundertANRW 6,pp. Getica, Legionary Fortress and Late Antique Town. A Companion to the Study of Novae, Warsaw [], pp. Eventually, Claudius II put an end to the massive incursions, winning a victory over the invaders at the battle of Naissus Dacia, however, could not be held any Prostitutes Svishtov in CE emperor Aurelian decided to evacuate the province Septimius Severus, for instance, undoubtedly owed his coming into power largely to the forces stationed along the Danube During the imperial crisis, the significance of the Danubian troops could not be ignored, as they effectively endorsed many usurper emperors It was only the reign of Diocletian which restored stability to the Lower Danube.

This was the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Roman Empire, though without Lower Moesia which by then had ceased to exist. It would also be important to calculate the approximate numerical strength of the military contingent in the province.

However, in order to arrive at more comprehensive results, the first thing to do is to define the model sizes of particular units of the Roman armed Prostitutes Svishtov. Only then can one endeavour to determine the actual number of soldiers stationed in Lower Moesia. Secondly, if the scale of militarization is to be grasped, the total number of soldiers should be collated with demographic data, and Prostitutes Svishtov results converted into percentage values.

Strengths of the Roman military units a legion Even the best documented military formation of the ancient time, the legion, represents a major problem when Prostitutes Svishtov attempts to Prostitutes Svishtov the number of soldiers Prostitutes Svishtov in Prostitutes Svishtov.

This is chiefly due to the divergence of source accounts in this matter. For instance, a late second-century author, Sextus Pompeius Festus, stated that a legion numbered 6, soldiers1, while in the fourth century Servius provided the number of 6, infantry and Prostitutes Svishtov. Isidore of Seville, who lived in the sixth century, offered still different and contradicting information: at one point he mentions 6, Prostitutes Svishtov, only to state elsewhere that a legion consisted of 6, men3.

Even the best known antique work on the Roman military, i. Epitoma rei militaris by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who lived during the reign of Theodosius the Great, includes numerous inconsistencies which lead to some confusion. For example, Vegetius writes at one point that the Illyrian mattiobarbuli legions numbered 6, soldiers5, and somewhat further into the text quotes the number of 6, yet again, by way of contrast between the rival armies of Greece and Macedonia which existed in the Republican period6.

Hence the fragment must Prostitutes Svishtov to the times of the Republic. The last piece of information Vegetius provides regarding the complement of a legion states 6, infantry and horsemen7. This is preceded by a detailed description of the first cohorts, whose size and significance overshadowed other component Prostitutes Svishtov of the legion; the cohort is said to number 1, soldiers on foot and cavalry, while the remaining nine cohorts consisted of infantrymen and 66 horsemen.

Also, according to the author, there were 55 centuries to a legion in all8. This, albeit very briefly, demonstrates the discrepancies encountered in the narrative sources regarding the strength of a Roman legion. Another problem is both fragmentariness of the surviving sources and their Prostitutes Svishtov nature, as the data they contain was usually mechanically adopted from earlier writers. This is evinced in De munitionibus castrorum electi. Proprie autem Macedonum phalanx, Gallorum caterva, nostra legio dicitur; Isid.

Prostitutes Svishtov name comes from two Illyrian legions, which in total consisted of 6, soldiers.

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Roth, The Prostitutes Svishtov, p. Galli atque Celtiberi pluresque barbarae nationes cateruis ute- bantur in proelio, in quibus erant sena milia armatorum. Romani legiones habent, in quibus singulis sena milia, interdum amplius militare consuerunt.

Therefore, one has to settle for the otherwise valuable note that there were Prostitutes Svishtov soldiers to a century, to a cohort, and that the first century was twice as large as the other ones. Thus, if the above is supplemented with data found in Maurus Servius Honoratus, who should be credited with information on the organization of a legion9, it may be assumed that it had 10 cohorts, nine of which numbered men, and only the first consisted ofwhich yields the total Prostitutes Svishtov 5, soldiers.

As previously noted, the first cohort was distinct from the others, which presents another problem in research.

That cohort was an exceptional and Prostitutes Svishtov element within the structure of a legion, as both Pseudo-Hyginus and Vegetius observe. The former claimed that cohors prima had a double complement12, while according Prostitutes Svishtov the latter it was the most numerous 1, infantry and cavalry.

Vegetius did more than just provide figures, enhancing his description with a more detailed account of its internal organization, in which the primus pilus led four centuries of the first line, i.

Primus Prostitutes Svishtov commanded two second-line centuries of men.

Marcu, Size and Organization, Dacia, p.

The princeps of the first Prostitutes Svishtov had men under him, which meant a century enlarged by a half. Secundus hastatus would also lead men, while triarius prior Thus the ordinarii held command over ten centuries of the first cohort The size of the first cohort as reported by Vegetius, i.

Cupcea, F. Researchers more readily debate whether the first cohort was as others composed of six centuries14, or whether Prostitutes Svishtov was five, with Prostitutes Svishtov twofold number of soldiers in each Inscriptions suggest that the first cohort was indeed larger in size and that it most likely consisted of five centuries.

However, epigraphical sources apply to a strictly defined time frame, i. Consequently, it is impossible to determine when its complement was increased and, if it did take Prostitutes Svishtov, reduced to the original size, equal to the remaining nine units This is a crucial issue as it concerns a substantial figure of almost legionaries, and thus resolving whether a Prostitutes Svishtov numbered 4, or 5, men The legion also included a detachment of cavalry. The numbers of the latter are provided in two surviving sources.

The account of Flavius Josephus reveals that a legion had horsemen Meanwhile the already cited Vegetius mentions the figure of cavalry. It is conjectured that the latter number refers to Prostitutes Svishtov state Prostitutes Svishtov affairs after the reforms of Prostitutes Svishtov Gallienus The notion broadly shared in Prostitutes Svishtov is that until the reform took place, there were horsemen to a legion Prostitutes Svishtov, this Prostitutes Svishtov not seem so homines guberna- bat. Sic decem centuriae cohortis primae a quinque ordinariis regebantur… centuriones, qui singulas centurias curabant… Secunda cohors habebat centuriones quinque; similiter tertia quarta usque ad decimam cohortem.

In tota autem legione errant centuriones quinquaginta quinque. The researcher believes that it shared the system with the other nine cohorts, i. Roth The Size, note 99, p. Frere, Hyginus and the Prostitutes Svishtov Cohort, Britannia 11,pp. Marcu, Size and Organization, p. Parker, The Antiqua Legio, p. Dixon, P. Southern, The Roman Cavalry. From the First Prostitutes Svishtov the Third Century, Londonp.

Southern, The Roman Cavalry, p. The cavalry served as a security force23, carried out reconnaissance and Prostitutes Svishtov assigned patrol duties or acted as escort and couriers From the standpoint of studies into the strength of the legion, the size of the cavalry detachment is not that important — apart from economic considerations — because if it is true that cavalry was not a separate formation within the legion, then for administrative reasons each horsemen was attached to individual centuries Thus, in the estimations of the total complement of a legion, they are included in the overall count instead of being added separately.

The same applies to the personnel operating siege Prostitutes Svishtov. According to Vegetius, one carroballista required a crew of 11 men, while a legion had 55 such machines. Additionally, there was one onager for each cohort This yields a substantial number of soldiers delegated to the task.

However, researchers are of the opinion that there were no more thanProstitutes Svishtov in the battlefield aside from the main force; moreover, each legionary was trained to operate siege engines Comparisons with the legions of the Republican period do not contribute much to the issue. They are known to have been called up only when a military campaign was undertaken. The situation changed in the Prostitutes Svishtov times, when legions were formed permanently, and defending the boundaries of the state was their main Prostitutes Svishtov.

This Prostitutes Svishtov no way reduced their combat value, as offensive actions they engaged in at the time clearly demonstrate It Prostitutes Svishtov seem that in the early Empire, the organization and the numerical strength of the legion had become sufficiently well-established to last without much change until the great reforms of the late third and the early fourth century.

However, this was not the case. It is certain that the legion never reached a consistent, model complement29, while its internal organization 22 The location of deployment is crucial here; e.

Parker, Antiqua Legio, p. Webster, Imperial Army, p. Breeze, The Organization of the Legion, p. Roth, The Size, pp. Each emperor, as the commander-in-chief of the army, was entitled to reform it or introduce minor modifications30 in its organization and — importantly enough — adjust the sizes of units in response to current military needs It would follow that both the numbers and the organizational pattern fluctuated quite often. Still, this does not prevent researchers from speculating.

Almost throughout the entire twentieth century and in the early twenty first century, authors advanced various suggestions. In contrast, Jonathan Roth Prostitutes Svishtov that the entire legion numbered 6, men, of which 5, were soldiers while the rest were auxiliary personnel This view is shared by George Cupcea and Felix Marcu In the Prostitutes Svishtov Empire, Roman army had six basic types of auxilia at its disposal.

These included foot troops: cohortes peditatae, mounted ones: alae, and mixed ones: Prostitutes Svishtov equitatae. All these were subdivided into 30 After Augustus, reforms of the army Prostitutes Svishtov instituted by emperor Claudius, see C. Kromayer, G.

Wolski, T. Kotula, A. Kunisz ed. Next to those, there were the irregular numeri, and personal guard of province governor: equites singulares augusti. Each of the above will be analysed here in terms of numerical strength. Six barracks were discovered in the fortlet of Gelligaer, where such a cohort resided, which would corroborate the account of that author Prostitutes Svishtov, no certain data is available regarding the number of soldiers in each.

Therefore, by analogy to legionary centuries, they are presumed to have consisted of 80 men. Consequently, the model size of an auxiliary cohort would amount to soldiers Cohortes peditatae milliariae were a twin type of Prostitutes Svishtov, but they were more numerous. According to Flavius Josephus, the units Prostitutes Svishtov question numbered 1, men on foot41, while Hyginus goes no further than stating that such a cohort was composed of 10 centuries Their strength thus remains a problem, though obviously it may be theoretically assumed that there were 80 soldiers in a century.

An inscription from a wooden tablet from Vindolanda43 mentions cohors I Tungrorum, whose soldiers were commanded by six centurions. On these grounds, cohors milliaria peditata is presumed to have consisted of men. Apart from units of infantry, there Prostitutes Svishtov mixed cohorts, combining cavalry and soldiers on foot — cohortes equitatae quingenariae. Prostitutes Svishtov Flavius Josephus is to be trusted, a cohort of the kind included foot soldiers and horsemen Hyginus is more general in his description, mentioning six centuries and mounted men To a certain extent, this is borne out by archaeological data.

Marcu, Size and Organization, Dacia, p. Holder, Auxillia, p.

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III, 4. Holder Auxilia, p. II, pp. Meanwhile, an Prostitutes Svishtov from Ankara, relating Prostitutes Svishtov to such a unit, mentions four decurions This warrants the assumption that turma consisted of 30 horsemen However, in Vegetius50 and Arrian51 such a unit is said to number 32 riders, although their accounts are not concerned with cohors equitata. It Prostitutes Svishtov nevertheless possible that the number of horsemen in the latter did reachbut including the principales.

Following other researchers, I assume that the standard strength of a century in cohors equitata quingenaria was 80 soldiers. It should be underlined, however, that sources are not consistent in that respect, since the figures they provide range from 60 to 80 foot soldiers Cohortes equitatae milliariae were relatively rare. Hyginus Prostitutes Svishtov that such a cohors was composed of infantry Prostitutes Svishtov cavalry53, but the figures may have been higher.

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Ultimately, the assumed strength of cohors equitata milliaria adopted for the purposes of this work is 10 centuries with 80 men Prostitutes Svishtov each, and horsemen, which amounts to the total of 1, soldiers.

Hodgson, P. Bidwell, Auxiliary Barracks, p. It should be noted that it was a legionary turma. Barely four months later their number increased to men. Based on the document, P. Consequently, it would follow that there Prostitutes Svishtov 60 Prostitutes Svishtov per foot century.

However, the number should not be accepted without reservations, because the Prostitutes Svishtov of may have been an error in the papyrus, cf. The first type were the alae quingenariae, which according to Hyginus comprised 16 turmae This is corroborated by one of the texts on a wooden tablet from Carlisle56 and by the inscription from Alexandria, which lists 16 decurions of alae One may equally well assume that a squadron of cavalry turma in an ala quingenaria was 32 men strong60, including the commanders.

Alae milliariae, on the other hand, were composed of 24 turmae Prostitutes Svishtov cavalry Here, the size of a turma represents yet another dilemma. If an ala milliaria numbered 1, soldiers, then there would have been 40 soldiers to each turma However, the view Prostitutes Svishtov in science is that there were only 32 horsemen, just as in ala quingenaria As a Prostitutes Svishtov, an entire ala milliaria consisted of mounted men.

Numerous researchers have attempted Prostitutes Svishtov estimate the strength of the ethnic units, but the results so far have not been convincing. According to Georg 54 Prostitutes Svishtov is attested to by the fact that horsemen serving in those units earned as much as the legionaries, see M. De mun, castr. Ars Tact. Holder, Auxilia, p. Breeze, Cavalry on Frontiers, [in:] D. Breeze, B.

Dobson, Roman Officers and Frontiers, Stuttgartpp. Cheesman, the detachments numbered soldiers Henry T. Rowell argues that numerus quingenaria was commanded by a prefect, while a tribune led the milliaria As may be inferred, Michael P.

Speidel subscribed to the latter view, finding that Prostitutes Svishtov numerus Syrorum in Mauretania must have been 1,men strong, since it had a tribune as the commander In contrast, Prostitutes Svishtov Wagner stated that in terms of numbers numeri did not differ from Prostitutes Svishtov, but possessed a distinct legal status Prostitutes Svishtov numerus stationed at the fort discovered in Hesselbach consisted of 30 to men, but the fort itself was exceptionally small, and cannot be treated as Prostitutes Svishtov for the rest of the empire It is most likely that Prostitutes Svishtov had the strength which was required in a given location, ranging from to around Prostitutes Svishtov, soldiers Equites singulares and pedites singulares of the province governor were units composed of auxiliary forces stationed in the province.

The number of soldiers serving in such detachments is unknown. Michael P. Speidel maintains that a province governor had pedites singulares and equites singulares at his disposal Units of singulares were also attached to the legionary legate Numerus exploratorum was a special, separate troop composed of auxiliaries It is possible that they operated independently, to which the camp discovered Prostitutes Svishtov Feldberg may attest; it had its own command quarters and covered an area of 0.

The work of Pseudo-Hyginus provides 65 G. Speidel, Roman Army Studies 1, Amsterdampp. Wagner, Prostitutes Svishtov, p. Kapersburg, Osterburken, Niederbieber, see D. Southern, Numeri, p.

Speidel, Guards of the Roman Armies. An essay on the singularis of the provinces, Bonnpp. It Prostitutes Svishtov be difficult to accept that number as a nominal strength of the outfit without reservations, as there is evidence that the exploratores units stationed with other numeri did not exceed soldiers There is very little information concerning the organization of the frumentarii and their activities in the province.

We know that they were responsible for providing supplies to other military units, gathered intelligence78, and acted as couriers They were a part of Prostitutes Svishtov officium consularis, but their headquarters was the castra peregrina in Rome However, no data suggesting their numerical strength has survived.

They were recruited in the provinces where they operated81, and served in the units in which they were enlisted The fleet classis Flavia Moesica was most probably formed during the reign of Claudius as classis Moesica This may be concluded from a military diploma issued in The fleet was reorganized under Vespasian, though when it received the appellation Flavia85, recorded in a military diploma dated Julyis unknown.

It is certain however, that it 76 Hyg. Matei-Popescu, Roman Army, p. Dyplom, see W. Eck, A. Bounegru, M. The fleet was stationed mainly Prostitutes Svishtov the territory of Dobruja Its size is difficult Prostitutes Svishtov determine Liviu Petculescu estimated that the Moesian fleet consisted of approximately 2, sailors Prostitutes Svishtov soldiers90, and the figure he suggested is thus quoted in this work.

This demonstrates that in such circumstances91, adequate combat value of military units was attempted to be restored as promptly as possible, whereas in peacetime there was no such need. Papyrus RMR 64 of illustrates a similar situation. Meanwhile, the Carlisle tablet shows evident disproportions in the amounts of barley and wheat allotted to the 87 F.

Saddington, Classes. Zahariade, Forces navalesD. Bekker-Nielsen ed. Domination, Romanisation, Resistance, Aarhuspp. The above sources demonstrate that military formations tended not to reach their expected, nominal capacity.

Prostitutes Svishtov surviving sources indicate that auxiliary units failed to attain model strength Tab. Prostitutes Svishtov the other hand, personnel deficits did not depart substantially from the nominal figures, at least in the first and second century It is also probable that the internal organization of individual Prostitutes Svishtov varied from unit to unit Table 1.

The garrison of Lower Moesia In order to demonstrate the influence of the Roman army on the monetary economy of Lower Moesia, it is necessary to provide at least an estimate of the strength of its garrison.

The available Prostitutes Svishtov make such estimations possible with respect to several selected periods which appear to be best documented. These assessments will serve as a reference point in the deliberations on the place and role of the army Prostitutes Svishtov the economic life of the province. Tomlin, Prostitutes Svishtov from Carlisle, p. To a considerable extent, the researchers were concerned with the size of the Roman contingent It is thus certain that until CE three legions were stationed in Lower Moesia; other attested units include 10 alae, 32 cohortes, and 2 to 4 numeri.

The largest Roman force stayed in the province during the reign of Trajan, with Prostitutes Svishtov many as 31, soldiers: 15, legionaries, 4, horsemen in the alae as well as 12, infantry and cavalry of the cohortes Roman wars with the Dacian state of Decebalus.

Aurelius some 12, soldiers were stationed there, but the number decreased to 8, men after the Prostitutes Svishtov wars Aricescu, The Army; T.

Sarnowski, Wojsko rzymskie. A recently published study discusses the latest discoveries of military diplomas: F. Wagner addressed the deployment of troops in Dislokation.

There are many other publications which could be cited, but at this point I provide the most important ones. Petculescu, Roman Army, p. Petolescu, A. The garrison of Lower Moesia in 92 alae: cohortes 1. I Vespasiana Dardanorum 1.

I Raetorum 2. I Flavia Gaetulorum 2. I Bracaraugustanorum 3. I Pannoniorum 3. I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica 4. II Claudia Gallorum 4. I Flavia Commagenorum 5. Gallorum Flaviana 5. I Sugambrorum tironum 6. Gallorum Atectorigiana 6. I Sugambrorum veterana 7. I Hispanorum 7. II Chalcidenorum 8.

II Lucensium 9. II Bracaraugustanorum II Flavia Bessorum II Gallorum Prostitutes Svishtov Gallorum IIII Gallorum Prostitutes Svishtov VII Gallorum Ubiorum Prostitutes Svishtov should yield the nominal figure of 10, legionaries, 3, horsemen from the alae, 8, men in the Prostitutes Svishtov 7, footed and 1, mounted21, soldiers in total.

As demonstrated in the preceding subchapters, units of the Roman army did not reach their full complement; it may therefore be assumed that in 92 there were between 19, to 21, soldiers in Lower Moesia. The strength Prostitutes Svishtov the Lower Moesian garrison changed five years later Tab. However, the partly destroyed text of RMD V does not permit accurate determination of seven of those The original publisher of the diploma identified cohors I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica among them. Prostitutes Svishtov, A.

Pangerl, Zwei Konstitutionen, pp. Mihaylovich, A New Moesia, p. The presence of Gallic cohorts in Lower Moesia is attested in an earlier diploma and a number of later ones Cohors II Bracaraugustanorum should also be taken into consideration, since in 97 it may still have been stationed Prostitutes Svishtov the territory of Lower Moesia, before it was sent to Thrace In total, this yields the nominal figure of 25, soldiers, it is therefore highly possible that the Roman force in Lower Moesia in 97 numbered from ca 22, to 25, soldiers.

I Pannoniorum 1. I Sugambrorum veterana 2. I Claudia Gallorum 2.

I Hispanorum veterana 3. II Aravacorum 3. I Sugambrorum tironum 4. Prostitutes Svishtov Flaviana 4. I Flavia Numidarum 5. Hispanorum 5. I Flavia Commagenrum 6.

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I Asturum 6. II Flavia Bessorum 7. I Flavia Gaetulorum 7. II Lucensium 8. I Vespasiana Dardanorum 8. IIII Gallorum 9. Atectorigiana 9. Ubiorum I Tyriorum I Lepidiana c.

Paunov, M. Garrison of Lower Moesia in 99 alae: cohortes: 1. I Asturum 1. I Tyriorum 3. I Vespasiana Dardanorum 3. Gallorum 4. II Flavia Brittonum 5. I Pannoniorum 5. II Chalcidenorum 6. II Prostitutes Svishtov et Aravacorum 6. VII Gallorum 7. I Sugambrorum veterana 8. I Bracaraugustanorum 9. I Hispanorum veterana II Mattiacorum Prostitutes Svishtov Thus we arrive at the nominal total of 19, soldiers.

However, it should be remembered that it was the time of preparations for the war with Dacians. The period was characterized by numerous movements of the Roman forces as well as substantial unrest on the frontiers, therefore it should be disregarded here. Instead, one should focus on the following period, when the military situation became stable yet again, creating opportune circumstances for the economic consolidation of Lower Moesia with the Roman Empire.

When war had come to an end, Lower Moesia was still a frontier province, but a part of its territory was now within the empire. This was reflected in the military presence in that area, as a proportion of the Lower Moesian garrison had been deployed to Prostitutes Svishtov newly acquired, occupied territories of Prostitutes Svishtov now non-existent Dacian state Garrison of Lower Moesia in alae cohortes 1.

Hispanorum 1. I Sugambrorum veterana? I Pannoniorum 2. I Lepidiana 3. Gallorum Flaviana 3. I Tyriorum sagittariorum 4. II Chalcidenorum 5. Prostitutes Svishtov Flavia Numidarum? IIII Gallorum 7. Pangerl, Neue Diplome, pp. Scrutiny of the diploma yields the following figures: 1, horsemen Prostitutes Svishtov the alae, 4, soldiers Prostitutes Svishtov the cohortes 3, infantry, cavalry and three legions with Prostitutes Svishtov approximate strength of 15, men, meaning 20, soldiers in total.

Consequently, I presume that the Lower Moesian garrison after the Prostitutes Svishtov wars numbered from 19, to 20, soldiers. In that particular period, the figure should come as no surprise; although the number of auxiliary detachments Prostitutes Svishtov since some had been posted to the new territories captured by Rome, the number of legionaries had grown with the arrival of legio XI Claudia.

A diploma dated September 25th, Tab. The garrison of Lower Moesia in alae cohortes 1. I Flavia Numidarum 2. I Sugambrorum veterana 3. II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 3. I Brittonum 4. I Claudia Sugambrorum tironum 5. I Flavia Commagenorum 6. II Mattiacorum 7. II Flavia Brittonum oraz classici These units constituted a garrison of 20, soldiers: 1, in the alae, Prostitutes Svishtov, in the cohorts, including horsemen, and 15, legionaries. A diploma of presents a different composition of troops Tab.

Pangerl, Neue Diplome, p. II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 1.

Economic role of the Roman army in the province of Lower Moesia (Moesia Inferior)

I Tyriorum sagittariorum 2. Atectorigiana Gallorum 2.

I milliaria Brittonum 3. II Flavia Bessorum 5. Thus the model strength of Roman forces Prostitutes Svishtov Lower Moesia should comprise 1, mounted men of the alae, 2, men in the cohorts, including horsemen as well as the three legions with ca 15, soldiers, which means 18, armed men. It may therefore be assumed that at the time the garrison of Lower Moesia was made up of 17, to 18, soldiers.

Several years later this state of affairs Prostitutes Svishtov yet again, as the Roman forces in the province were augmented with new troops Tab. Two diplomas testify to that increase: one originates fromthe other from December 19th, Based on the information they contain, the following units can be enumerated: Table 8.

I Gallorum et Pannoniorum 2. I Bracarorum c. I Flavia Gaetulorum 3. Gallorum Atectorigiana 4. II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 5. II Chalcidenorum sagittariorum 6. II Lucensium 7. II Flavia Brittonum 8. II Mattiacorum Thus, the model strength of the Roman army in that period included 2, horsemen in the alae, 4, soldiers in the cohorts with cavalrymen and three legions, i. Hence the capacity of the Roman force at the time should be estimated at 20, to 22, soldiers. In the following year the figures changed slightly, as the number of alae was Ibidem, pp.

Names of two cohorts are missing from the diploma: one whose designation is 13 characters long, while the other Prostitutes Svishtov 26 or 27 characters. It is very likely that in the cohorts were in Lower Moesia. The reduced number of units did not significantly affect the overall strength of the garrison. The model capacity for that period was 1, horsemen in the alae, 5, soldiers Prostitutes Svishtov the cohorts including cavalry and around 15, legionaries, amounting to the total of 21, soldiers.

Thus the garrison in Lower Moesia in numbered Prostitutes Svishtov 19, to 21, soldiers. In that period, the Lower Moesian garrison was less numerous than the Prostitutes Svishtov documented in the Prostitutes Svishtov diploma and numbered from ca 17, to 18, soldiers. Prostitutes Svishtov years later the situation changes yet again; a diploma of August 20thTab.

Roxan, W. Pangrel, Neue Diplome, pp.

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August n. I Pannoniorum et Gallorum 1. I Lusitanorum 2. Gallorum Atectorigiana 2. I Flavia Numidarum 3. I Thracum Syriaca 4. I Flavia Gaetulorum 4. I Germanorum 5. II Hispanorum Aravacorum 5. I Bracaraugustanorum 6. I Lepidiana 7. II Chalcidenorum II Mattiacorum classis Flavia Moesica The nominal strength of the garrison thus amounted to 2, horsemen in the alae, 5, soldiers in the cohorts including cavalry and 15, legionaries: 23, soldiers in all.

Consequently, it may be conjectured that the number of troops stationed in Lower Moesia ranged from ca 20, to 23, soldiers. Ina part of the forces were redeployed, as evidenced by a diploma of April 2nd that year The garrison thus consisted of 1, horsemen in the alae, 3, soldiers in the cohorts including cavalry and around 15, legionaries: 19, men in total, so Prostitutes Svishtov number of soldiers in Lower Moesia at that Prostitutes Svishtov was between 17, and 19, A diploma from yields a slightly higher figure, since it enumerates ala I Vespasiana Dardanorum, ala Flavia Gaetulorum, cohors…?

There is also a diploma dated February 28th,Prostitutes Svishtov mentions three alae, of which only ala II Hispanorum et Aravacorum is identifiable, as well as the fleet and five cohorts, three of which are legible: cohors II Chalcidenorum, Prostitutes Svishtov I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica, cohors II Mattiacorum.

The first two diplomas Tab. Prostitutes Svishtov et Pannoniorum 1. I Gallorum Atectorigiana 2. II Mattiacorum 3. I Flavia Numidarum 4. Claudia Sugambrum veterana 5.

I Cilicum sagittariorum 7. I Thracum Syriaca 8. I Germanorum 9. Lusitanorum Cyrenaica II Flavia Brittonum The nominal strength of the garrison amounted to 2, horsemen, 7, soldiers in the cohorts including 1, cavalry and approximately 15, legionaries: 24, soldiers in total. The capacity of the Roman forces in Lower Moesia should thus be estimated at 22, to 24, soldiers. Absence of the former unit reduced the strength of the Lower Moesian contingent, which numbered from ca 21, to 24, soldiers the number of the mounted men in the cohorts decreased to 1, Torbatov suggested a different sequence of Roman units in the diploma Rimska voenna diploma ot r.

The units in Prostitutes Svishtov are listed in Table Table Units stationed in Lower Moesia in the late second century — first half of the third century, as attested in epigraphical sources alae cohortes 1.

I Vespasian Dardanorum a 1. II Flavia Brittonum e 2. I Flavia Gaetulorum b 2. I Cilicum f 3. I Gallorum Atectorigiana c 3. I Cisipadensium g 4. Gemina Dacorum h 5. III collecta c.

II reducum j 7. II Mattiacorum 8. Wagner, Dislokation, pp. Matei-Popescu, Roman Army, pp. According to T. Velkov, G. Matei- Popescu, Roman Army, p. Collected Studies, Amsterdampp. Eck, R. Ivanov, C. Irregular troops, such as numerus civium Romanorum would also be formed at the time; it is highly likely that in the third century numerus scutariorum, numerus singularium, Prostitutes Svishtov numefrus Surorum sagittariorum operated in Lower Moesia as well.

Consequently, it may be hypothetically assumed that in the late second and in the third century, Roman forces in Lower Moesia consisted on average from 5 alae 2, horsemen9 cohortes 5, soldiers, including cavalry and 2 legions 10, menwhich would give the nominal figure of 18, soldiers. However, the actual number may have been smaller, i. The Lower Moesian garrison was Prostitutes Svishtov diminished when legio V Prostitutes Svishtov was deployed in late — early to the Parthian front and then posted to Potaissa in Dacia once the war was over Research into the strength of the garrison in Lower Moesia should also Prostitutes Svishtov into account that forces from the province were tasked with defending the frontier on the Danube as well as protecting Greek cities on the Black Sea coast.

Even before Lower Moesia was created, the Black Sea region found itself within the sphere of imperial influence, as its Prostitutes Svishtov was occupied by Roman forces consisting of 3, heavily armed troops and 40 ships of war The Ibidem.

A different Prostitutes Svishtov and name of the unit was advanced by M. Speidel, Regionarii in Lower Moesia, p. As regards numerus scutariorum, the unit Prostitutes Svishtov have functioned on the Danube in the late third or in the early fourth century; for commentary and a list of sources see F. Filow, Die Legionen, p. II, Military presence in Crimea diminished under Hadrian, but then increased again during the reign of Antoninus Pius At the time, presence of Moesian soldiers was recorded in Olbia which was incorporated into Lower Moesia under Septimius Severus ; Chersonesus also received military support from the empire.

In the second century, the following units were stationed on the northern coast of the Black Sea: vexillatio from Troesmis in Tyras also a Lower Moesian city from Septimius Severus onwardsanother vexillatio in Olbia, commanded by a centurion from Durostorum, and Prostitutes Svishtov legio Prostitutes Svishtov Italica, which held Crimea with Chersonesus and Charax. When legio V Macedonica had been deployed to Dacia, the task of protecting Dobruja and the city of Tyras fell Prostitutes Svishtov legio I Italica, which also controlled Crimea.

Towards the end of the joint rule of M. Aurelius and Commodus, the command of vexillationes Ponticae aput Scythia et Tauricam was consolidated. According to Tadeusz Sarnowski, the above designation denotes the entirety of Roman troops Tadeusz Sarnowski stationed in Olbia, Prostitutes Svishtov and the fort of Charax, Prostitutes Svishtov remained under unified command in It may have been Prostitutes Svishtov temporary measure, dictated by the necessity to Prostitutes Svishtov out joint military operations

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Finally, I would like to thank my Parents and Siblings for the faith they had in me and the support I was given in the pursuit of my goal. Gallorum 4. II Lucensium 8.